Barotrauma

Understanding Barotrauma in Diving

What is Barotrauma?

Barotrauma refers to physical injuries resulting from pressure differences between the air-filled cavities of the body (such as ears, sinuses, and lungs) and the surrounding water pressure during diving. It can occur during both the descent (compression) and ascent (reverse block) phases of a dive.

Types and Symptoms of Barotrauma

1. Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) Barotrauma
   
   An eardrum rupture or perforation occurs when divers fail to equalize pressure adequately during descent. It is characterized by:


• Sudden sharp, intense pain.


• Vertigo or dizziness, leading to disorientation.


• Temporary hearing loss, varying in severity.


• Entry of water into the middle ear, significantly increasing the risk of infection.



Immediate medical evaluation is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications.

2. Middle Ear Barotrauma
   
   If a diver fails to equalize pressure correctly or continues descending despite discomfort, increased pressure forces blood and fluid into the middle ear cavity. This condition is called middle ear barotrauma and significantly heightens infection risk.
   
   Symptoms include:


• Severe, sharp pain that can persist for several days.


• A sensation of fullness or blockage within the ear.


• Reduced or muffled hearing, potentially progressing to temporary complete hearing loss.


• Persistent sensation of "water trapped in the ear" even after surfacing and resting.



Occasionally, trapped water is merely due to accumulated earwax, which can be easily resolved by a professional ear cleaning. However, persistent symptoms likely indicate barotrauma and require immediate medical attention.

Preventive Measures

Proper equalization techniques and cautious diving practices significantly reduce barotrauma risks:

• Practice regular, gentle equalization methods during descent.


• Never dive while experiencing congestion, cold symptoms, or ear infections.


• Do not continue descent if experiencing ear discomfort—pause, ascend slightly, and attempt to equalize again.


• Maintain proper ear hygiene to prevent excess wax build-up, ensuring clearer equalization pathways.

Importance of Medical Attention

Due to the risk of lasting damage or infection, prompt medical care following any symptoms of barotrauma is essential. Ignoring symptoms can lead to chronic ear problems, including permanent hearing impairment or chronic infection.

Understanding and actively managing barotrauma ensures safer and more enjoyable diving experiences, significantly reducing the likelihood of severe injuries.